简答题5. Listening involves both ‘top-down’ processing—recognizing sounds of words, phrases or structures and ‘bottom-up’ processing---inferring meaning from broad contextual clues and background knowledge.简答题1. In the ______ model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized. A、text-driven B、bottom-up C、 top-down D、word-driven简答题5. ______ activity is an activity where learners are missing the information, they need to complete a task and need to talk to each other to find it. A、A noncommunicative B、A receptive C、A passive D、An information gap简答题3. Skimming is the sub-skill of listening and it is listening for ______. A、details B、 specific information C、gist D、attention简答题4. The aim of teaching speaking is to achieve ______ communication. That means students become able to use the language to convey messages and communicate with others. A、aural B、oral C、written D、literal简答题2. ______ activities should aim to motivate students, to activate their prior knowledge, and to teach key words or key structures to the students before listening begins. A、Post-listening B、Intensive-listening C、While-listening D、Pre-listening简答题2. One of the teaching goals in the pre-listening phase is to activate the students’ schema and vocabulary related to the topic.简答题3. One example of an information-gap task is a spot-the-difference activity.简答题4. The most important aspect of preparing students to speak in real life is to give them as many opportunities as possible to practice producing unplanned, spontaneous and meaningful speech under time pressure.简答题1. In the top-down model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognition. Listeners construct meaning of what they hear based on the sound they hear.