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英语语言学
Chapter 9 Second Language Aquisition
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简答题
Universalists is only interested in the learner as the possessor of a mind that contains language; the assumption is that all human beings are endowed with such a mind, and variations between individuals are of little concern.
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简答题
Acquisition of knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment without doing so consciously is called explicit learning.
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Human acquire language in only one way – by understanding messages, or by receiving "comprehensible output …" we move from i, our current level, to i+1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding output containing i+1.
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According Krashen's input hypothesis, if input is understood, and there is enough of it, the necessary grammar is automatically provided.
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Chomsky argues that there must be some innate core of specific knowledge about language form, which pre-specifies a framework for all natural human languages. This core of knowledge is currently known as Universal Grammar.
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Metacognitive involves the manipulation or transformation of the learning materials / input (e.g. repetition, summarizing, using images).
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Fossilization means that linguistic forms, features or rules, etc. to become temporarily established in the interlanguage of a second language learner in a form that is deviant from the target-language norm and that continues to appear in performance regardless of further exposure to the target language.
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According Gardner, an instrumental orientation is primarily associated with the potential pragmatic gains of L2 proficiency, such as getting a better job or a higher salary.
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Focus on forms refers to how focal attentional resources are allocated … during an otherwise meaning-focused classroom lesson, focus on forms often consists of an occasional shift of attention to linguistic code features – by the teacher and / or one or more students – triggered by perceived problems in communication.
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The basic claim of the output hypothesis is that the availability of input which is comprehensible to the learner is the only necessary condition for language learning to take place.
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Interlanguage refers to the language produced by a native speaker of a language (i.e. a learner's output). It refers to the systematic knowledge underlying a learner's production.
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Carroll's four-component model of language aptitude includes phonemic coding ability, grammatical sensitivity, inductive language learning ability and associative memory.
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From Chomsky's point of view, children could learn language primarily by imitating the speech of their caretakers.
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In the 20th century, the best-known controversy on nature-nurture issue as far as first language learning was concerned involved the behaviour psychologist, B. F. Skinner, and the linguist, Noam Chomsky.
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Gardner assumed that language learners' motives fall into two broad categories: an integrative orientation and an instrumental orientation.
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According to input hypothesis, only second language production really forces learners to undertake complete grammatical processing, and thus drives forward most effectively the development of second language syntax and morphology.
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Cognitive strategies involves higher-order strategies aimed at analyzing, monitoring, evaluating, planning, and organizing one's own learning process.
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An integrative orientation reflects a positive disposition toward the L2 group and the desire to interact with and even become similar to valued members of that community.
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Foreign language learning is generally differentiated from second language acquisition in that the former refers to the learning of a native language in the environment of one's nonnative language.
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Interaction hypothesis places much more emphasis on linking features of input and the linguistic environment with 'learner-internal factors,' and explaining how such linkages may facilitate subsequent language development.
英语语言学
章节列表
Chapter 1 Introduction
18
Chapter 2 Sound of Language
19
Chapter 3 Morphology
19
Chapter 4 Syntax
20
Chapter 5 Semantics
20
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
20
Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis
20
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
20
Chapter 9 Second Language Aquisition
20
Final Test
74